See who in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "who"
},
{
"lang": "Geordie",
"lang_code": "en-geo",
"word": "whe"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "wha"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "fho"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "fo"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "vo"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "who"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "hwā"
},
"expansion": "Old English hwā",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*hwaʀ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *hwaʀ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*hwaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hwaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kʷos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kʷos",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English hwā, from Proto-West Germanic *hwaʀ, from Proto-Germanic *hwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷos, *kʷís.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "whom",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dative"
]
},
{
"form": "whos",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "what",
"tags": [
"inanimate"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝwo",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ho",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "hoo",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "huo",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "quo",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "qwo",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "qwho",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "whoo",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "wo",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "woo",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "qua",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "wha",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "hwa",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "hwo",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "hwoa",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "pronoun",
"3": "singular or plural, nominative case, accusative/dative",
"4": "whom",
"5": "genitive",
"6": "whos",
"7": "inanimate",
"8": "what"
},
"expansion": "who (singular or plural, nominative case, accusative/dative whom, genitive whos, inanimate what)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "pron",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
13,
16
],
[
64,
67
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
14,
17
]
],
"english": "And I asked, \"Who are you, Lord?\". The Lord replied, \"I am Jesus, who you are persecuting\".",
"ref": "c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Dedis of Apoſtlis 26:15, folio 107, verso, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:",
"text": "⁊ I seide .· who art þou, loꝛd? / ⁊ þe loꝛd ſeide / I am iheſus whom þou purſueſt.",
"translation": "And I asked, \"Who are you, Lord?\". The Lord replied, \"I am Jesus, who you are persecuting\".",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"who (nominative)"
],
"id": "en-who-enm-pron-OAvLtjJZ",
"links": [
[
"who",
"who#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(interrogative) who (nominative)"
],
"tags": [
"interrogative",
"nominative",
"plural",
"singular"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"who (nominative)"
],
"id": "en-who-enm-pron-OAvLtjJZ1",
"links": [
[
"who",
"who#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(relative) who (nominative)"
],
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
74,
77
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
87,
94
]
],
"english": "The snake of poisonous envy has seven children. Ingratitude: this child is nurtured by whoever hasn't acknowledged benefits and hardly thinks about or [even] entirely forgets [them].",
"ref": "c. 1225, Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Ludlow, Shropshire, published c. 1235, folio 53, verso; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 14 January 2018:",
"text": "Þe neddꝛe of attrı onde haueð ſeoue hƿelpeſ. Ingratıtudo. þıſ cundel bꝛet hwa ſe nıſ ıcnaƿen goddede. ah teleð lutel þrof. oþer foꝛȝet mıd alle.",
"translation": "The snake of poisonous envy has seven children. Ingratitude: this child is nurtured by whoever hasn't acknowledged benefits and hardly thinks about or [even] entirely forgets [them].",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"whoever, anyone who (usually nominative)"
],
"id": "en-who-enm-pron-ZHOFo9JG",
"links": [
[
"whoever",
"whoever"
],
[
"anyone",
"anyone"
],
[
"who",
"who#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(relative) whoever, anyone who (usually nominative)"
],
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"anyone, someone (nominative)"
],
"id": "en-who-enm-pron-WIugQNs2",
"links": [
[
"anyone",
"anyone"
],
[
"someone",
"someone"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(indefinite) anyone, someone (nominative)"
],
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/hwɔ̝ː/"
},
{
"ipa": "/h(w)oː/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hwɑː/",
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hwaː/",
"tags": [
"Northern"
]
}
],
"word": "who"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English indefinite pronouns",
"Middle English interrogative pronouns",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English pronouns",
"Middle English relative pronouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "who"
},
{
"lang": "Geordie",
"lang_code": "en-geo",
"word": "whe"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "wha"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "fho"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "fo"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "vo"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "who"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "hwā"
},
"expansion": "Old English hwā",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*hwaʀ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *hwaʀ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*hwaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hwaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kʷos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kʷos",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English hwā, from Proto-West Germanic *hwaʀ, from Proto-Germanic *hwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷos, *kʷís.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "whom",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dative"
]
},
{
"form": "whos",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "what",
"tags": [
"inanimate"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝwo",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ho",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "hoo",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "huo",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "quo",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "qwo",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "qwho",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "whoo",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "wo",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "woo",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "qua",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "wha",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "hwa",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "hwo",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "hwoa",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "pronoun",
"3": "singular or plural, nominative case, accusative/dative",
"4": "whom",
"5": "genitive",
"6": "whos",
"7": "inanimate",
"8": "what"
},
"expansion": "who (singular or plural, nominative case, accusative/dative whom, genitive whos, inanimate what)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "pron",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
13,
16
],
[
64,
67
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
14,
17
]
],
"english": "And I asked, \"Who are you, Lord?\". The Lord replied, \"I am Jesus, who you are persecuting\".",
"ref": "c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Dedis of Apoſtlis 26:15, folio 107, verso, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:",
"text": "⁊ I seide .· who art þou, loꝛd? / ⁊ þe loꝛd ſeide / I am iheſus whom þou purſueſt.",
"translation": "And I asked, \"Who are you, Lord?\". The Lord replied, \"I am Jesus, who you are persecuting\".",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"who (nominative)"
],
"links": [
[
"who",
"who#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(interrogative) who (nominative)"
],
"tags": [
"interrogative",
"nominative",
"plural",
"singular"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"who (nominative)"
],
"links": [
[
"who",
"who#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(relative) who (nominative)"
],
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
74,
77
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
87,
94
]
],
"english": "The snake of poisonous envy has seven children. Ingratitude: this child is nurtured by whoever hasn't acknowledged benefits and hardly thinks about or [even] entirely forgets [them].",
"ref": "c. 1225, Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Ludlow, Shropshire, published c. 1235, folio 53, verso; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 14 January 2018:",
"text": "Þe neddꝛe of attrı onde haueð ſeoue hƿelpeſ. Ingratıtudo. þıſ cundel bꝛet hwa ſe nıſ ıcnaƿen goddede. ah teleð lutel þrof. oþer foꝛȝet mıd alle.",
"translation": "The snake of poisonous envy has seven children. Ingratitude: this child is nurtured by whoever hasn't acknowledged benefits and hardly thinks about or [even] entirely forgets [them].",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"whoever, anyone who (usually nominative)"
],
"links": [
[
"whoever",
"whoever"
],
[
"anyone",
"anyone"
],
[
"who",
"who#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(relative) whoever, anyone who (usually nominative)"
],
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"anyone, someone (nominative)"
],
"links": [
[
"anyone",
"anyone"
],
[
"someone",
"someone"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(indefinite) anyone, someone (nominative)"
],
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/hwɔ̝ː/"
},
{
"ipa": "/h(w)oː/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hwɑː/",
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hwaː/",
"tags": [
"Northern"
]
}
],
"word": "who"
}
Download raw JSONL data for who meaning in Middle English (5.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-16 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (d6fca27 and 65e1673). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.